Human papillomavirus: typing and genotyping

Medicine knows more than 120 types of HPV, which are classified using various approaches. There is a summary table of the main types of viruses, compiled based on the results of large-scale screening studies:

Symptoms	One type
Skin:
Plantar warts	1, 2, 4
Common warts	2, 4, 26, 27, 29, 57
Flat warts	3, 10, 28, 49
Butcher warts	7
Epidermodysplasia wart	5, 8, 9, 10, 12, 15, 19, 36
Non-warty skin lesions	37, 38
Genital mucous membranes:
Genital warts	6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 54
Non-condylomatous lesions	6, 11, 16, 18, 30, 31, 33, 34, 35, 39, 40, 42, 43, 51, 52, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 64, 67, 68, 69, 70
Carcinoma	16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 54, 56, 66, 68
Lesions of the mucous membranes, not the genitals:
Laryngeal papilloma	6, 11, 30
Neck carcinoma, tongue	2, 6, 11, 16, 18, 30

All neoplasms are divided according to the oncological danger, the location and the shape of the skin growths.

1. Location of infection: Alpha: affects the mucous membranes of the genital organs in men and women, manifested by condylomas. Beta: affects the superficial layers of the epidermis, manifests itself in the superficial layers of the epidermis with classic warts.
2. The genotype of the virus determines its oncogenic potential, that is, the ability to cause oncological degeneration of infected tissues. Genotyping distinguishes these types of infection due to the risk of oncogenicity: Low risk - 6, 11, 42, 43, 44, 53, 54, 55. Intermediate - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66. Tall rice - 16, 18, 45, 56.
3. Forms of skin neoplasms. Papillomas are divided into five main categories. Simple ones are the most common type of growth. As it develops, a warm-colored keratinized tuber is formed. Warts are located on the skin, both alone and in groups. They occur most often on the inner and outer sides of the hand, the lower part of the face (lips, chin). There are also plantar growths. Flat - They are dark in color and appear as small lumps on the skin. As a general rule, they appear on the upper body, less often on the genitals. Very often they make themselves felt in adolescence with a failure of the immune system, arising in the neck and arms. Pointed: condylomas affect the mucous membranes and are included in the category of oncogenic risk. Acrocordial or senile filiform papillomas occur in middle-aged and elderly people. Internal moles: located in the internal organs. This category includes condylomas on the walls of the stomach and rectum, growths in the mouth and bladder.

The method of diagnosis, treatment and prevention depends on the type of neoplasm detected.

High-risk human papillomavirus

HPV is one of the most common viruses. Most often, the infection occurs through sexual and domestic contact. For many years, the virus can remain inactive and not manifest itself. It can be triggered by various factors, for example a weakened immune system or chronic diseases.

High-risk human papillomaviruses are especially dangerous. This category includes:

• Average oncogenicity - 30, 31, 33, 35, 39, 51, 52, 58, 66
• High carcinogenicity: 16, 18, 45, 56, 59, 68.

Oncogenic human papillomavirus

Cancer HPV is a serious danger, that is, viruses that can cause malignant degeneration of healthy cells. The risk group includes the following genotypes: 16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 68, 56, 58, 39, 70. They significantly increase the probability of developing cancer of the genitals, uterus, anus and urethra.

Oncogenic viruses are manifested by genital warts. Its appearance is a signal to seek medical help and remove neoplasms.

Human papillomavirus 1

This infectious agent leads to the development of common and heel warts. Very often, with this papilloma virus, deep lesions appear on the feet that cause discomfort and pain to the user. Bumps may form on the back of the hands and on the chin. In some cases, they appear on the eyelids, scalp, fingers and toes.

This type of virus has a low oncogenicity. At the same time, it is impossible to completely remove it from the body. Modern drugs can temporarily suspend your activity. The treatment aims to eliminate aesthetic problems, that is, to eliminate growths. In the future, therapy is carried out to increase the defenses of the immune system. It is mandatory to prescribe drugs that inhibit papillomatosis.

Human papillomavirus 4

Another common form of viral disease. Manifested by heel and common warts. As the growths develop, they darken and acquire a rough surface. In some cases, smaller formations form around a large wart.

Patients complain of itching, burning, and pain in the affected area. HPV 4 also promotes the development of corns and calluses on the soles of the feet.

This genotype does not present a risk of malignant transformation. For treatment, surgical removal of the growths is used with further immunotherapy of the patient.

Human papillomavirus 5

Responsible for the development of different types of growths. Most often, papillomavirus 5 leads to the appearance of warts or verruciform epidermodysplasia. The disease is rare and manifests as a large accumulation of warts. The pathological condition develops in youth and continues throughout life. According to statistics, women are more likely to get sick than men.

Verruciform epidermodysplasia (EVL) is essentially a unique predisposition of the epidermis to papillomavirus infection. In this case, HPV 5 has a high carcinogenicity, that is, the risk of degeneration of the skin becomes squamous cell carcinoma.

Typical symptoms of epidermodysplasia:

• Small warty growths that merge into large lesions as they grow.
• Rashes appear on the face, back, neck, abdomen and even on the buttocks.
• When the skin is damaged, linear warty structures appear at the wound site.
• On the body and extremities, the growths are larger and denser than on the face and neck.

Human papillomavirus 6

The sixth type of HPV is diagnosed in middle-aged and older people. The growths are pink or flesh-colored and shaped like a cauliflower. This type of papillomavirus is included in the group of infections with low oncogenicity and increases the risk of such pathologies:

• Genital warts (condylomata).
• Laryngeal papillomatosis.
• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Conjunctival papillomas.

Treatment consists of antiviral and restorative therapy, surgical removal of the neoplasm. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures: personal hygiene, balanced nutrition, increased immunity.

Human papillomavirus 7

As a result of HPV 7 infection, so-called butcher warts or butcher warts appear on the skin. They represent painless, light brown growths that are most often located on the elbows and shoulders.

Butcher warts occur in people who have frequent contact with raw meat. The infection enters the skin through minor injuries. The growths appear on the elbows and hands in lumpy, painless formations.

Human papillomavirus 11

Papillomavirus type 11 is most often diagnosed in women and manifests as genital warts. The pathological process involves the skin and mucous membranes. This HPV has a low carcinogenicity, that is, it is not susceptible to malignant transformation.

Men and women who are sexually active and who often change sexual partners are at risk for this disease. The infection can occur with other genital infections. When infected with genome 11, the pathogen incorporates itself into the human chromosome set, infecting the carrier's daughter cells.

The main symptoms of the disease are:

• Single or multiple eruptions.
• Growths in women appear on the labia, cervix, clitoris, and urethra.
• In men, neoplasms appear on the head and shaft of the penis, scrotum, frenulum.
• In both sexes, papillomas have adjacent locations: anus, perineum, oropharynx, bladder, perianal region.

The diagnosis is made according to the type of pouring structures and is not difficult. It is impossible to completely destroy the virus, but there are several therapeutic methods that can suppress its activity. For this, special drugs are used. Cryodestruction methods, laser therapy, and other surgical techniques are used to remove changes in the skin.

Prevention of HPV 11 infection relies on adherence to barrier contraceptive methods to prevent infection during intercourse. It is also recommended to strengthen the immune system to increase its protective properties.

Human papillomavirus 12

Under the action of certain factors, HPV 12 can manifest as verruciform or verrucous epidermodysplasia. This pathological condition is also called Lewandowski-Lutz disease. It refers to a genetic disorder.

Papillomavirus 12 requires a complete diagnosis. This is due to the fact that the disease it causes can lead to serious dermatological defects and serious complications. Transformation of the affected tissues into squamous cell carcinoma is observed in ¼ of the patients.

Human papillomavirus 16

One of the most common papilloma viruses, diagnosed in 60% of people, is HPV 16 (human papillomavirus). This type of infection is oncogenic and leads to the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Genital carcinoma.
• Carcinoma of the neck, tongue.

After infection, the virus is incorporated into the DNA regions of healthy cells, disrupting the body's natural antitumor immunity. According to statistics, in 42% of cases, genotype 16 is the leading cause of cervical cancer.

Human Papillomavirus 18

One of the most common urogenital viral infections is papillomatosis. Type 18 of this infection is associated with diseases such as HPV 16: cervical dysplasia, cervical cancer. It has a high oncogenicity. Embedding in the human genome causes the growth of benign growths, which gradually degenerate into cancer. In 70% of cases, HPV 18 is found in women with uterine cancer.

Treatment is prescribed only after a comprehensive diagnosis and the establishment of the probability of malignancy of neoplasms. Therapy consists of surgical removal of growths, 2-3 courses of antiviral and immunostimulating drugs. At the same time, one must take into account the fact that today there are no drugs that completely neutralize genotype 18 of the papillomavirus.

Human papillomavirus 21

Another type of infection that causes verruciform epidermodysplasia is HPV 21. At the same time, it belongs to a virus with low carcinogenicity. Most of the time it manifests as anogenital warts and laryngeal papillomatosis.

Since the infection does not penetrate the bloodstream, but only affects the skin, scrapings from the epidermis and smears from mucous membranes are used for diagnosis. Complex treatment aimed at eliminating skin defects and strengthening the immune system.

Human papillomavirus 31

To date, more than a hundred papillomaviruses are known, including oncogenic ones, that is, those that can cause malignant processes in the body. HPV 31 refers to an infection of moderate carcinogenicity that, under the influence of certain factors, leads to oncological lesions.

31 genotypes are associated with the following diseases:

• Neoplasm of 2 and 3 degrees of severity.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Penile cancer
• Anal cancer
• Oral cavity and laryngeal cancer.
• Bowen's disease.
• Keira's erythroplasia.
• Dental complications

The infection occurs most often during unprotected sex and presents the same danger for both women and men. Infection is possible when the virus comes into contact with an open wound or during the birth process, that is, transmission from mother to child.

Human Papillomavirus 33

HPV of this type is most often diagnosed in women, because it contributes to the development of such diseases:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Genital carcinoma.
• Dysplasia of the cervix.
• Cervical cancer.

The pathological condition is considered anthroponous, the infection occurs only between people. 2-4 months after HPV 33 enters the body, genital warts begin to form on the genitals with concomitant painful symptoms.

Human Papillomavirus 35

Infection with this HPV is dangerous due to the development of malignant processes in the body. Type 35 is diagnosed in both men and women, but only in the latter does it cause serious problems.

The infection is manifested by condylomatous lesions of the perineum, external genitalia, anus and oral cavity (root of the tongue, internal part of the cheek). Infection can provoke the development of dysplasia and cancerous processes of the cervix.

It is not so easy to cure HPV 35, therefore, special attention is paid to preventive measures: protected sex, healthy lifestyle, strengthening the immune system and more. In case of infection, treatment consists of a set of techniques aimed at eliminating skin defects and suppressing the activity of papillomatosis.

Human papillomavirus 39

This genotype represents a serious danger and threat to life, since it contributes to the degeneration of healthy tissues into malignant ones. Women are more sensitive to HPV 39, as it damages the internal genital organs. The infection can cause dysplasia and cervical cancer.

The infection may not manifest itself in any way for a long period of time, feeding on healthy tissues and increasing in size.

• The external symptoms of the infection are skin growths on the inner walls of the vagina, mucous membranes of the cervical canal, in the cervical region.
• Less commonly, condylomas form on the external genitalia, as well as around the outlet of the urethra or near the anus.
• Neoplasms appear as single and multiple growths that outwardly resemble cauliflower.

Human papillomavirus 44

From an oncology point of view, HPV type 44 poses no danger. In this case, the infection with this infection manifests itself by genital warts and genital warts on the cervix and other important organs.

Treatment of skin growths is carried out to eliminate aesthetic discomfort, that is, neoplasms are removed. Also, all patients are prescribed a course of antiviral and immunostimulating drugs to suppress the papillomatous infection in the body.

Human Papillomavirus 45

Another representative of the group of oncogenic papillomaviruses with a high risk of degeneration is type 45. The infection is characterized by the following manifestations:

• Genital warts.
• Bowenoid papulosis.
• Genital warts.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

The infection occurs during unprotected sex. A man carries the virus, although he may not know it. In women, the infection manifests as warty growths on the genitals. Pathology is very dangerous for the female body and requires serious treatment. It can take more than 20 years from the moment of infection to the development of a malignant tumor caused by HPV 45.

In the diagnostic process, PCR, dygen test, chalcoscopy, biopsy and cytological studies are carried out to identify the pathogenic genotype. Treatment depends on the stage of the disease.

Human papillomavirus 51

This type of HPV belongs to anogenital infections of medium oncogenic risk. The infection is carried out mainly through sexual contact and can lead to the following problems:

• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Oncological lesions of the anus, vulva or vagina in women.
• Malignant neoplasms of the anus and penis in men.
• Genital warts.
• Giant Buschke-Levenshtein condyloma.

To diagnose HPV, 51 patients must pass a urogenital smear. With its help, clinical confirmation of the presence of infection in the body, genotyping and evaluation of the risk of malignancy are carried out.

There are no specially formulated medications to treat this type of infection. The therapy is aimed at preventing malignant transformations and mobilizing the body's antitumor immunity.

Human Papillomavirus 52

According to medical statistics, HPV 52 is identified in 70% of cases in women over 35 years of age. The infection occurs most often during unprotected sex. The painful condition is associated with the following pathologies:

• Genital warts and genital warts.
• Colon cancer in men.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

It is impossible to completely cure the virus, but with early diagnosis and proper therapy, cells can be protected from destruction and malignancy. To do this, surgical removal of growths, a course of antiviral therapy, and taking drugs to strengthen the immune system are performed.

Human papillomavirus 53

Infection with HPV 53 is possible through contact with the mucous membranes or skin cells of an infected person. This genotype has low carcinogenicity and, therefore, does not present a risk of malignant transformation.

After infection, the virus can remain inactive for a long period. The action of various factors, for example, a weakening of the protective properties of the immune system leads to its activation. Due to this, the cells of the epidermis begin to actively divide, forming warty neoplasms and genital warts.

Treatment of papillomavirus type 53 comes down to removing skin growths, taking antiviral drugs, and strengthening immunity.

Human papillomavirus 56

One of the types of human papillomavirus infection is HPV 56. This type is characterized by high oncogenicity and is associated with the following pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.
• Carcinoma of the mucous membranes of the genitals.

The virus is dangerous for both women and men and causes genital warts and other neoplasms. Penetration of the infection into the body occurs through the mucous membranes during unprotected sexual intercourse or with open wounds in the epidermis.

HPV 56 requires complex treatment. The therapy consists of taking antiviral medications, surgically removing the growths, and strengthening the immune system. Particular attention is paid to preventive measures to protect the body from infection.

Human Papillomavirus 58

The viral pathogen of the medium risk category of malignant transformation is type 58. The infection is included in the alpha group, that is, it contributes to the appearance of such pathologies:

• Non-condylomatous genital lesions.
• Condylomas of the inner surface of the anus.
• Dysplasia and cervical cancer.

After being introduced into the body, it causes the appearance of small growths with a dense and smooth structure. Depending on the location, they can be light pink or brown in color. This genotype most often manifests itself in the neck, armpits, intestines, external and internal genital organs, and the bladder.

The danger of infection is due to the latent course of the infectious process. Since the pathogen can be inactive for a long period of time. Prompt diagnosis and an integrated approach to treatment can prevent complications from human papillomavirus type 58.

Human papillomavirus 59

The HPV 59 genotype refers to oncogenic viruses. Under the action of certain factors, it can cause damage to the tissues of the cervix and uterine epithelium, causing a precancerous condition. Infection with this pathogen occurs with unprotected anal or vaginal contact, less frequently with oral sex.

Often the infection does not manifest itself for a long time. But the appearance of growths on the skin and warts indicates its activation. Genital warts form on the external genital organs and their mucous membranes.

To diagnose a painful condition, a viral DNA and PCR analysis is performed. Treatment consists of taking antiviral drugs to suppress the infection.

Human papillomavirus 66

Most often, the appearance of warts and papillomas on the body is associated with infection with papillomavirus type 66. In this case, the skin growths have the most inappropriate localization: armpits, perianal and periorbital regions, perineum, mucous membranes of the genitals.

Usually after infection, the infection remains inactive for a long period of time. But under the action of certain factors, it is activated. These factors include:

• Weakening of the defenses of the immune system.
• Unbalanced diet
• Bad habits.
• Frequent change of sexual partners and unprotected intercourse.
• Non-compliance with the rules of personal hygiene.
• Frequent abortions and more.

HPV 66 treatment aims to remove skin growths and eliminate factors that cause the infection to spread. Antiviral therapy and vitamins are taken to boost immunity. Preventive measures include vaccination, timely treatment of any disease, and a healthy lifestyle.

Human Papillomavirus 67

According to the studies carried out, HPV type 67 belongs to viruses with a medium stage of oncological degeneration. That is, infection with this genotype, under certain conditions, can cause precancerous conditions.

The infection penetrates the mucous membranes and damaged skin. The infection manifests itself by papillomatous growths on the body. Growths can also form on the mucous membrane of the cervix.

Human Papillomavirus 68

68 The HPV genotype has low oncogenicity and is manifested by skin growths from various locations. The strong spread of defects and their frequent traumas are dangerous. Since at this stage, viral DNA replaces healthy cells, changing their structure. If the problem is left without medical attention, then the active progression of papillomavirus type 68 can lead to carcinoma.